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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elliptische Funktion</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Im <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">mathematischen</a> Teilgebiet der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a> sind <b>elliptische Funktionen</b> spezielle <a href="Meromorphe_Funktion" title="Meromorphe Funktion">meromorphe Funktionen</a>, die zwei Periodizitätsbedingungen erfüllen. Elliptische Funktionen heißen sie, weil sie ursprünglich von <a href="Elliptisches_Integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Integral">elliptischen Integralen</a> abstammen. Diese wiederum treten bei der Berechnung des Umfangs einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> auf.
</p><p>Wichtige elliptische Funktionen sind die <a href="Jacobische_elliptische_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobische elliptische Funktion">Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen</a> und die <a href="Weierstra%C3%9Fsche_%E2%84%98-Funktion" title="Weierstraßsche ℘-Funktion">Weierstraßsche ℘-Funktion</a>.
</p><p>Weitere Entwicklungen haben zu den <a href="Modulform" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulform">modularen Funktionen</a> und den hyperelliptischen Funktionen geführt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine elliptische Funktion ist eine meromorphe Funktion, für die zwei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linear unabhängige</a> <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexe Zahlen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\in \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\in \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51067e4415d37ab9e7a5bbfb942cdc6a4d16ceb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.553ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\in \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> existieren, sodass gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall z\in \mathbb {C} \colon f(z+\omega _{1})=f(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall z\in \mathbb {C} \colon f(z+\omega _{1})=f(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35ff64dd3366540c7d456e3c5da0420ac92eea8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.724ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall z\in \mathbb {C} \colon f(z+\omega _{1})=f(z)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(z+\omega _{2})=f(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(z+\omega _{2})=f(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e60b0f5c07a444f69320e2a92cacb6d0661de46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.791ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(z+\omega _{2})=f(z)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Elliptische Funktionen haben also zwei Perioden und werden deshalb auch als <i>doppeltperiodisch</i> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodengitter_und_Grundmasche">Periodengitter und Grundmasche</h2></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eine elliptische Funktion und sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc9e7a34c1cd21e1fda694fca931aab81277773b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.034ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Perioden, so gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(z+\gamma )=f(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(z+\gamma )=f(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac1235612dee48ff60938793d8e4889bdaa3b19e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.553ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(z+\gamma )=f(z)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für jede <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7ca5ed24e2b5854ebf291a5a2d643f6463502ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.636ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Ganze_Zahl" title="Ganze Zahl">ganzen Zahlen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m,n\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m,n\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f932c786e686277b8f060aae74134ce9fc3e3348.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.86ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m,n\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Abelsche Gruppe">abelsche Gruppe</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda :=\langle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\rangle _{\mathbb {Z} }:=\mathbb {Z} \omega _{1}+\mathbb {Z} \omega _{2}:=\{m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}\mid m,n\in \mathbb {Z} \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda :=\langle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\rangle _{\mathbb {Z} }:=\mathbb {Z} \omega _{1}+\mathbb {Z} \omega _{2}:=\{m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}\mid m,n\in \mathbb {Z} \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d76cdaa564811709ee08e73a4ed3174f8c24f6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:57.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda :=\langle \omega _{1},\omega _{2}\rangle _{\mathbb {Z} }:=\mathbb {Z} \omega _{1}+\mathbb {Z} \omega _{2}:=\{m\omega _{1}+n\omega _{2}\mid m,n\in \mathbb {Z} \}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt das <i>Periodengitter</i>. Es ist ein vollständiges <a href="Gitter_(Mathematik)" title="Gitter (Mathematik)">Gitter</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Das von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b914a8bfef5d1b9b106048afa0aab4a99251f38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgespannte <a href="Parallelogramm" title="Parallelogramm">Parallelogramm</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\mu \omega _{1}+\nu \omega _{2}\mid 0\leq \mu ,\nu \leq 1\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\mu \omega _{1}+\nu \omega _{2}\mid 0\leq \mu ,\nu \leq 1\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fce0d8116e490b7712e3532191f47051a4d55600.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.926ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\mu \omega _{1}+\nu \omega _{2}\mid 0\leq \mu ,\nu \leq 1\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt <i>Grundmasche</i> oder auch <i>Fundamentalbereich.</i>
</p><p>Geometrisch wird also die <a href="Komplexe_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Ebene">komplexe Ebene</a> mit Parallelogrammen gekachelt. Alles, was in der Grundmasche passiert, wiederholt sich in jeder anderen. Deshalb fasst man elliptische Funktionen auch als Funktionen auf der Faktorgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf9326cf3ac2c0ad37d1d33f02c3bbb927e0af65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.454ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> auf. Diese Faktorgruppe kann man sich vorstellen als ein Parallelogramm, bei dem gegenüberliegende Seiten identifiziert werden, was <a href="Topologie_(Mathematik)" title="Topologie (Mathematik)">topologisch</a> einem <a href="Torus" title="Torus">Torus</a> entspricht.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liouville’sche_Sätze"><span id="Liouville.E2.80.99sche_S.C3.A4tze"></span>Liouville’sche Sätze</h2></div>
<p>Die folgenden Sätze über elliptische Funktionen sind als die <a href="Joseph_Liouville" title="Joseph Liouville">Liouville</a>’schen Sätze (1847) bekannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._Liouville’scher_Satz"><span id="1._Liouville.E2.80.99scher_Satz"></span>1. Liouville’scher Satz</h3></div>
<p>Eine holomorphe elliptische Funktion ist konstant.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dies ist die ursprüngliche Version des <a href="Satz_von_Liouville_(Funktionentheorie)" title="Satz von Liouville (Funktionentheorie)">Satzes von Liouville</a> und kann aus ihm gefolgert werden:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine holomorphe elliptische Funktion ist beschränkt, da sie auf der Grundmasche bereits alle ihre Werte annimmt und die Grundmasche <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakt</a> ist. Nach dem Satz von Liouville ist sie also konstant.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._Liouville’scher_Satz"><span id="2._Liouville.E2.80.99scher_Satz"></span>2. Liouville’scher Satz</h3></div>
<p>Eine elliptische Funktion hat nur endlich viele Pole in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf9326cf3ac2c0ad37d1d33f02c3bbb927e0af65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.454ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> und die Summe der <a href="Residuum_(Funktionentheorie)" title="Residuum (Funktionentheorie)">Residuen</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Aus dieser Aussage folgt, dass es keine elliptische Funktion mit genau einem einfachen Pol oder genau einer einfachen Nullstelle in der Grundmasche geben kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3._Liouville’scher_Satz"><span id="3._Liouville.E2.80.99scher_Satz"></span>3. Liouville’scher Satz</h3></div>
<p>Eine nichtkonstante elliptische Funktion nimmt mit Vielfachheit gezählt auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf9326cf3ac2c0ad37d1d33f02c3bbb927e0af65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.454ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /\Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> jeden Wert gleich oft an.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weierstraßsche_℘-Funktion"><span id="Weierstra.C3.9Fsche_.E2.84.98-Funktion"></span><span id="Weierstra.C3.9Fsche"></span><span id="Weierstraßsche"></span><span id="Weierstra.C3.9Fsche_.E2.84.98-Funktion"></span><span id="Weierstraßsche_℘-Funktion"></span>Weierstraßsche ℘-Funktion</h2></div>
<p>Eine der wichtigsten elliptischen Funktionen ist die <a href="Weierstra%C3%9Fsche_%E2%84%98-Funktion" title="Weierstraßsche ℘-Funktion">Weierstraßsche ℘-Funktion</a>. Für ein festes Periodengitter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ist sie gegeben durch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp (z)={\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda \setminus \{0\}}\left({\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp (z)={\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda \setminus \{0\}}\left({\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6be104cfe86c258abe0a6119601204f9b31816b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:38.656ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp (z)={\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda \setminus \{0\}}\left({\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach Konstruktion hat sie an jedem Gitterpunkt einen Pol der Ordnung 2. Der Term <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/442d2a3439c05209fb1f616407d52a90453a7159.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:4.434ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dient dazu, die Reihe konvergent zu machen.
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4050ebf63686af152bf1ef5caabcdf2a2d812cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.478ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp }" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine gerade elliptische Funktion, d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp (-z)=\wp (z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp (-z)=\wp (z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26a4312d840ee6b2afeac0e42c33a94e39d2973b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.658ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp (-z)=\wp (z)}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ihre Ableitung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp '(z)=-2\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda }{\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp '(z)=-2\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda }{\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/757b30ea7671c91186b613d8144554b057dccf2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.242ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp '(z)=-2\sum _{\lambda \in \Lambda }{\frac {1}{(z-\lambda )^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist eine ungerade elliptische Funktion, d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp '(-z)=-\wp '(z).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp '(-z)=-\wp '(z).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b94ebcdb828df717d94b03c28f5741b31bc97f1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.483ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp '(-z)=-\wp '(z).}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eines der wichtigsten Resultate der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen ist die folgende Aussage: Jede elliptische Funktion zum Periodengitter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich als <a href="Rationale_Funktion" title="Rationale Funktion">rationale Funktion</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4050ebf63686af152bf1ef5caabcdf2a2d812cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.478ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp '}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp '}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98cc7b9ef41a255d70915227b703405b168cd8bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.163ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp '}" loading="lazy"></span> schreiben.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4050ebf63686af152bf1ef5caabcdf2a2d812cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.478ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp }" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktion erfüllt folgende <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp '^{2}(z)=4\wp (z)^{3}-g_{2}\wp (z)-g_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">′</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp '^{2}(z)=4\wp (z)^{3}-g_{2}\wp (z)-g_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bd23acdd6bc4b7e962d02cf1bdfbf75858faccd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.956ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp '^{2}(z)=4\wp (z)^{3}-g_{2}\wp (z)-g_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0261c34f2ad1e1b5317708b7f98ae13ee70ff1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.163ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/207852a9b2705498c65b929b79fdda27b257ec87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.163ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Konstanten, die von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b914a8bfef5d1b9b106048afa0aab4a99251f38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängen. Genauer gilt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=60G_{4}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>60</mn>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=60G_{4}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8aa6b800e9368e5ca93fa3c40a5ec0b235b83ccd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.154ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=60G_{4}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{3}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=140G_{6}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>140</mn>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{3}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=140G_{6}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d35eb9e5e0cbed4c63d269287685c2cd86cb5d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{3}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})=140G_{6}(\omega _{1},\omega _{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/149de5cbc9bd78a60484b9c011a9020531255118.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{6}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{6}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08981ac4e2b253c7ff0e57783aa846de672afabc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{6}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Eisensteinreihe" title="Eisensteinreihe">Eisensteinreihen</a> sind.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">algebraischer</a> Sprache bedeutet dieser Satz: Der <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> der elliptischen Funktionen zum Periodengitter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Isomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorph">isomorph</a> zum Körper
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (X)[Y]/(Y^{2}-4X^{3}+g_{2}X+g_{3}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (X)[Y]/(Y^{2}-4X^{3}+g_{2}X+g_{3}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/040e7a8e3984abf75e4c01c4b88dcba09144ebd9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.149ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (X)[Y]/(Y^{2}-4X^{3}+g_{2}X+g_{3}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Unter diesem Isomorphismus wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4050ebf63686af152bf1ef5caabcdf2a2d812cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.478ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp }" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp '}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">℘<!-- ℘ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp '}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98cc7b9ef41a255d70915227b703405b168cd8bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.163ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp '}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> abgebildet.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Weierstraß’sche ℘-Funktion zum Gitter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,e^{\pi i/3}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,e^{\pi i/3}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2c01295d502f3668ff7c4fbfacc07d52f402e7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.51ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,e^{\pi i/3}]}" loading="lazy"></span> im Bereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-3/2,3/2]\times [-9/8,9/8]i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-3/2,3/2]\times [-9/8,9/8]i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/666ac571b873752d73cc96e85e0e1108011647ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-3/2,3/2]\times [-9/8,9/8]i}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Nullstellen erscheinen schwarz und die Polstellen weiß</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ableitung dieser ℘-Funktion im gleichen Bereich und mit gleicher Farbgebung</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">℘-Funktion zum Gitter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,{\tfrac {1}{3}}+{\tfrac {i}{2}}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,{\tfrac {1}{3}}+{\tfrac {i}{2}}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5242d1b03e0197476382e5b29ebc7a6666aaf5f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:14.198ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma =[1,{\tfrac {1}{3}}+{\tfrac {i}{2}}]}" loading="lazy"></span> im gleichen Bereich und mit gleicher Farbgebung</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_mit_elliptischen_Integralen">Zusammenhang mit elliptischen Integralen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entdeckung_des_Zusammenhangs">Entdeckung des Zusammenhangs</h3></div>
<p>Der Zusammenhang elliptischer Funktionen mit <a href="Elliptisches_Integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Integral">elliptischen Integralen</a> ist hauptsächlich von historischer Natur. Elliptische Integrale wurden unter anderem bereits von <a href="Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Legendre</a> studiert, dessen Arbeit sowohl von Abel als auch von Jacobi zunächst unabhängig voneinander fortgeführt wurde.
</p><p>Abel stieß auf die elliptischen Funktionen, indem er die Umkehrfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> des elliptischen Integrals
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\sqrt {(1-c^{2}t^{2})(1+e^{2}t^{2})}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\sqrt {(1-c^{2}t^{2})(1+e^{2}t^{2})}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a100baee3706631501a63b32e18b1ccfe85f2e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:31.381ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\sqrt {(1-c^{2}t^{2})(1+e^{2}t^{2})}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>betrachtete, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\varphi (\alpha )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\varphi (\alpha )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30c2d9b4b249e92a2472ba1f0a4f6ee349ea0abc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.245ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\varphi (\alpha )}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei seinen Untersuchungen dieser Funktion definierte er die Funktionen:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\alpha )={\sqrt {1-c^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\alpha )={\sqrt {1-c^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73d08a76d4e66d98f39694b309b3dc3fab98117b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:21.933ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\alpha )={\sqrt {1-c^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(\alpha )={\sqrt {1+e^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(\alpha )={\sqrt {1+e^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df35140cdb7b76a5157eb92576d1aa91bd954ff8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:22.472ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(\alpha )={\sqrt {1+e^{2}\varphi ^{2}(\alpha )}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese drei Funktionen stellten sich nach <a href="Analytische_Fortsetzung" title="Analytische Fortsetzung">Fortsetzen</a> in die <a href="Komplexe_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Ebene">komplexe Ebene</a> als doppeltperiodische Funktionen heraus und werden abelsche elliptische Funktionen genannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vollständiges_elliptisches_Integral_und_elliptisches_Nomen"><span id="Vollst.C3.A4ndiges_elliptisches_Integral_und_elliptisches_Nomen"></span>Vollständiges elliptisches Integral und elliptisches Nomen</h3></div>
<p>Der französische Mathematiker <a href="Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a> definierte das vollständige elliptische Integral erster Art <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82fd9a8f7c70194ba132f628ca48a9a5ea2715d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.959ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )}" loading="lazy"></span> und das vollständige elliptische Integral zweiter Art <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9dd9e5557fa26f215b5c0b294f6c5dacde3db94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.668ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktionen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a625a9385bd92357c2dff9bc968e3481d4246654.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:71.999ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{-1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2852ff11b7b3a606924bd3089bdda7dca666ec35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:69.151ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}{\bigl [}1-\varepsilon ^{2}\sin(\varphi )^{2}{\bigr ]}^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =\int _{0}^{1}(1-z^{2})^{-1/2}(1-\varepsilon ^{2}z^{2})^{1/2}\,\mathrm {d} z}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit diesen Integraldefinitionen sind folgende Definitionen über MacLaurinsche Summenreihen identisch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>CBC</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>16</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84928869ea239a4e568c5ec23d5345179c3df19f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.419ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}(2n-1)}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>CBC</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>16</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}(2n-1)}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd8ac1254aa1010251cc86df9b130faef32e8b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:36.782ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\varepsilon )={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\biggl [}1-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\,{\frac {\operatorname {CBC} (n)^{2}}{16^{n}(2n-1)}}\,\varepsilon ^{2n}{\biggr ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Funktionsausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {CBC} (n)=(2n)!/(n!)^{2}=\Gamma (2n+1)/\Gamma (n+1)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>CBC</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {CBC} (n)=(2n)!/(n!)^{2}=\Gamma (2n+1)/\Gamma (n+1)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20affc03b081a726bd6ba2c857c99000a45ba112.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.182ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {CBC} (n)=(2n)!/(n!)^{2}=\Gamma (2n+1)/\Gamma (n+1)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> drückt den <a href="Mittlerer_Binomialkoeffizient" title="Mittlerer Binomialkoeffizient">Zentralbinomialkoeffizienten</a> aus.
</p><p>Der Mathematiker <a href="Robert_Fricke_(Mathematiker)" title="Robert Fricke (Mathematiker)">Robert Fricke</a>, aber auch die Mathematiker Folkmar Bornemann, Dirk Laurie, Stan Wagon und Jörg Waldvogel erforschten das <a href="Elliptisches_Nomen" title="Elliptisches Nomen">elliptische Nomen</a> beziehungsweise die <i>Jacobische Entwicklungsgröße</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47a776cf8ba79f13b8ac754d49b8e46945843363.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.09ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(k)}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche so definiert ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(k)=\exp {\biggl [}-\pi \,{\frac {K({\sqrt {1-k^{2}}})}{K(k)}}{\biggr ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(k)=\exp {\biggl [}-\pi \,{\frac {K({\sqrt {1-k^{2}}})}{K(k)}}{\biggr ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85afb82649033c19f2f3d779ea5cd4bb7dcda556.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.446ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(k)=\exp {\biggl [}-\pi \,{\frac {K({\sqrt {1-k^{2}}})}{K(k)}}{\biggr ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zur standardisierten <a href="Jacobische_Thetafunktion#Definition" title="Jacobische Thetafunktion">Jacobischen Theta-Nullwertfunktion</a> stellt das elliptische Nomen den Bezug zu den elliptischen Integralen her:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}{\bigl [}q(\varepsilon ){\bigr ]}=1+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q(\varepsilon )^{-n^{2}}={\biggl [}{\frac {2}{\pi }}K(\varepsilon ){\biggr ]}^{1/2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>00</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}{\bigl [}q(\varepsilon ){\bigr ]}=1+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q(\varepsilon )^{-n^{2}}={\biggl [}{\frac {2}{\pi }}K(\varepsilon ){\biggr ]}^{1/2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e82fb8af10fdb70b1d9c2fe8ff03013505e9f795.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:44.214ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}{\bigl [}q(\varepsilon ){\bigr ]}=1+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q(\varepsilon )^{-n^{2}}={\biggl [}{\frac {2}{\pi }}K(\varepsilon ){\biggr ]}^{1/2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobische_elliptische_Funktionen">Jacobische elliptische Funktionen</h3></div>
<p>Auch die <a href="Jacobische_elliptische_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobische elliptische Funktion">Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen</a> entstanden durch die Umkehrung elliptischer Integrale.
</p><p>Jacobi betrachtete diese Integralfunktion, welche die Arkussinusform von der Legendreschen Standardform des unvollständigen elliptischen Integrals erster Art ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi (x;k)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\sqrt {(1-t^{2})(1-k^{2}t^{2})}}}=F{\bigl [}\arcsin(x);k{\bigr ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>arcsin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi (x;k)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\sqrt {(1-t^{2})(1-k^{2}t^{2})}}}=F{\bigl [}\arcsin(x);k{\bigr ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/308ac555f90d6d20241ee225fd70bc1fbed361d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:52.886ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi (x;k)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\sqrt {(1-t^{2})(1-k^{2}t^{2})}}}=F{\bigl [}\arcsin(x);k{\bigr ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Und diese Form invertierte Jacobi nach folgendem Muster: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eace0c2645eb2972011f88000c6ceaef8519c793.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.721ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Hierbei steht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sn</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07fc4a1c1c7d5576f9e6b5d6e8aa30337c9531ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.209ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} }" loading="lazy"></span> für <i>sinus amplitudinis</i> und bezeichnet die neue Funktion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Diese Funktion erhält ihren Namen deswegen, weil sie die Sinus-Funktion aus der <i>Jacobischen Amplitude</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c242b377d8f0cc647631cf03292d65feea3094b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)=\sin {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)=\sin {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac7dd4d01c1dc05e802192ab9125270b324ae6fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.144ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)=\sin {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darüber hinaus führte er die Funktionen <i>cosinus amplitudinis</i> und <i>delta amplitudinis</i> ein, die wie folgt definiert sind:
</p><p>Ganz analog zum zuvor genannten Fall erhält die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51fb197e220486115134f88f2f5968b430decb57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)}" loading="lazy"></span> ihren Namen deswegen, weil sie dementsprechend die Cosinus-Funktion aus der <i>Jacobischen Amplitude</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c242b377d8f0cc647631cf03292d65feea3094b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)=\cos {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}:={\sqrt {(1-x^{2})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)=\cos {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}:={\sqrt {(1-x^{2})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58b5112089272e5368be78b0d1a864560f4dd327.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:38.781ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (\xi ;k)=\cos {\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k){\bigr ]}:={\sqrt {(1-x^{2})}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {\partial }{\partial \xi }}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k):={\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>dn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {\partial }{\partial \xi }}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k):={\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0f31b24d0d998e869dcc77aa82443fd98458514.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:37.244ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {\partial }{\partial \xi }}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k):={\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Erst durch diesen Schritt konnte Jacobi 1827 seine allgemeine Transformationsformel elliptischer Integrale beweisen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Bezeichnung <i>Delta</i> wurde dieser Funktion gegeben, weil sie die infinitesimalanalytische Ableitung, der Differentialquotient der <i>Jacobischen Amplitude</i> bezüglich des linken Klammereintrags ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobische_Amplitude">Jacobische Amplitude</h3></div>
<p>Die <i>Jacobische Amplitude</i> selbst ist stets die <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktion</a> des unvollständigen elliptischen Integrals erster Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F{\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k);k{\bigr ]}=\xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F{\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k);k{\bigr ]}=\xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8d65b1eebd6ba7aece000a4ccd134b1328a0440.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.624ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F{\bigl [}\operatorname {am} (\xi ;k);k{\bigr ]}=\xi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {s}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}}\,\partial t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {s}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}}\,\partial t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38d831aa844ece681b146136a146befcc260360b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:33.899ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {s}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}}\,\partial t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Alternativ kann die Jacobische Amplitude auch als Ursprungsstammfunktion des <i>Delta Amplitudinis</i> aufgebaut werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi ;k)=\int _{0}^{1}\xi \operatorname {dn} (\xi \,u;k)\,\partial u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>am</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mi>dn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi ;k)=\int _{0}^{1}\xi \operatorname {dn} (\xi \,u;k)\,\partial u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77bde6d75965afd1ceb98a4a6dd8f56c7f271d21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:29.025ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (\xi ;k)=\int _{0}^{1}\xi \operatorname {dn} (\xi \,u;k)\,\partial u}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach diesem alternativen Herleitungsweg kann das <i>Delta Amplitudinis</i> dann als Quotient der Jacobischen Thetafunktionen für alle elliptischen Module <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1\leq k\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1\leq k\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d963a92858b48bcf283ba0b1c338dda654ce4f3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.541ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1\leq k\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\,{\frac {\vartheta _{00}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}{\vartheta _{01}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}}={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1+2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>dn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>00</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\,{\frac {\vartheta _{00}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}{\vartheta _{01}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}}={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1+2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/252bf850ffceaf92630c42f9d646d58e50cc9d08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:97.506ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\,{\frac {\vartheta _{00}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}{\vartheta _{01}[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ;q(k)]}}={\sqrt[{4}]{1-k^{2}}}\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1+2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die genannten beiden <a href="Jacobische_Thetafunktion" title="Jacobische Thetafunktion">Jacobischen Thetafunktionen</a> wurden durch <a href="Edmund_Taylor_Whittaker" title="Edmund Taylor Whittaker">Edmund Taylor Whittaker</a> und <a href="George_Neville_Watson" title="George Neville Watson">George Neville Watson</a> so definiert:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1+2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>00</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1+2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c5acc090a4c8a2327974fa27125ca0f796ce535.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:53.094ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{00}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1+2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{01}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1-2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta _{01}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1-2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05ceef12dd801305a4cf783265e8e157f4bdffde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:53.094ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta _{01}(v;w)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-w^{2n})[1-2\cos(2v)w^{2n-1}+w^{4n-2}]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeta_Amplitudinis">Zeta Amplitudinis</h3></div>
<p>Als weitere Funktion definierte <a href="Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</a> die Funktion <a href="Jacobische_Zetafunktion" title="Jacobische Zetafunktion">Zeta Amplitudinis</a> als Analogon der Jacobi-Funktionen zweiter Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{zn}}(\xi ;k)=E[{\text{am}}(\xi ;k);k]-{\frac {E(k)}{K(k)}}\,\xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>zn</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>am</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{zn}}(\xi ;k)=E[{\text{am}}(\xi ;k);k]-{\frac {E(k)}{K(k)}}\,\xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a23ed25cc3046d9eeb279952d63d4602841e604c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.185ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{zn}}(\xi ;k)=E[{\text{am}}(\xi ;k);k]-{\frac {E(k)}{K(k)}}\,\xi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {zn} (\xi ;k)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2\pi K(k)^{-1}\sin[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>zn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {zn} (\xi ;k)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2\pi K(k)^{-1}\sin[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84381539697ab2d2da72d80c2de439038438b9b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:54.514ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {zn} (\xi ;k)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2\pi K(k)^{-1}\sin[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}}{1-2\cos[\pi K(k)^{-1}\xi ]\,q(k)^{2n-1}+q(k)^{4n-2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei gilt für das unvollständige elliptische Integral zweiter Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}s{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}\,\partial t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}s{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}\,\partial t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d40e24d9a6c8b1344d7a6e737ec0d95b26c5881a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.188ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(s;k)=\int _{0}^{1}s{\sqrt {1-k^{2}\sin(st)^{2}}}\,\partial t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Basierend auf der nun genannten Summendefinition des Zeta Amplitudinis können die standardisierten Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen ebenso aufgebaut werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {2\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {2\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acb74f4a82a548803cdf1dc00661fefbac3461c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:48.1ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {2\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {k^{2}-\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {k^{2}-\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9cf8035646df422650bfacba3dfdbfde2d48bbdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:48.476ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (\xi ;k)={\frac {k^{2}-\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}{k^{2}+\{\operatorname {zn} ({\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k)+\operatorname {zn} [K(k)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\xi ;k]\}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte_der_elliptischen_Funktionen">Geschichte der elliptischen Funktionen</h2></div>
<p>Dieses Gebiet wurde bald nach der Entwicklung der <a href="Infinitesimalrechnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitesimalrechnung">Infinitesimalrechnung</a> von dem italienischen Mathematiker <a href="Giulio_Carlo_Fagnano_dei_Toschi" title="Giulio Carlo Fagnano dei Toschi">Giulio di Fagnano</a> und dem Schweizer Mathematiker <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> begründet. Bei der Berechnung der Bogenlänge einer Lemniskate stießen sie auf Integrale, in denen die Quadratwurzeln aus Polynomen 3. und 4. Grades auftraten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man erkannte, dass sich die sogenannten elliptischen Integrale nicht durch elementare Funktionen ausdrücken ließen. Fagnano fand eine algebraische Relation zwischen elliptischen Integralen, die er 1750 veröffentlichte.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euler verallgemeinerte Fagnanos Ergebnisse und formulierte sein algebraisches Additionstheorem für elliptische Integrale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Seine Ideen wurden bis auf eine Bemerkung <a href="John_Landen" title="John Landen">Landens</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erst 1786 durch <a href="Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Legendre</a> in seinen Werken <i>Mémoires sur les intégrations par arcs d’ellipse</i> weiter verfolgt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legendre hat sich von da an immer wieder mit dieser Art von Integralen beschäftigt und nannte sie <i>elliptische Funktionen</i>. Legendre klassifizierte die elliptischen Funktionen in drei Arten, wodurch er sich den seinerzeit sehr schwierigen Zugang zu ihrer Untersuchung wesentlich erleichterte. Weitere wichtige Arbeiten Legendres sind: <i>Mémoire sur les transcendantes elliptiques</i> (1792),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Exercices de calcul intégral</i> (1811–1817),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> (1825–1832)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Ab 1826 nahmen die beiden Mathematiker <a href="Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Abel</a> und <a href="Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi">Jacobi</a> diese Untersuchungen wieder auf und kamen schnell zu ungeahnten neuen Erkenntnissen. Neu an deren Arbeiten war, dass sie die Umkehrfunktionen der elliptischen Integrale betrachteten. Diese inversen Funktionen heißen nach einem Vorschlag Jacobis von 1829 <i>elliptische Funktionen</i>. Eines der wichtigsten Werke von Jacobi ist das Buch <i>Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum</i> aus dem Jahr 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das von Euler in spezieller Form gefundene Additionstheorem wurde in seiner allgemeinen Form 1829 von Abel formuliert und bewiesen. Zu dieser Zeit wurden die Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen und die Theorie der doppeltperiodischen Funktionen noch als zwei verschiedene Theorien betrachtet. Zusammengeführt wurden sie von <a href="Charles_Briot" title="Charles Briot">Briout</a> und <a href="Jean-Claude_Bouquet" title="Jean-Claude Bouquet">Bouquet</a> 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß">Gauß</a> hatte, wie er selbst bemerkte und wie sich auch hat nachweisen lassen, schon dreißig Jahre vorher viele Eigenschaften der elliptischen Funktionen gefunden, aber nichts darüber publiziert.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Elliptische_Kurve" title="Elliptische Kurve">Elliptische Kurve</a></li>
<li><a href="Lemniskatischer_Sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemniskatischer Sinus">Lemniskatische Sinus- und Cosinusfunktion</a></li>
<li><a href="Thetafunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetafunktion">Thetafunktion</a></li>
<li><a href="Rational_elliptische_Funktionen" title="Rational elliptische Funktionen">Rational elliptische Funktionen</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Heinrich_Burkhardt_(Mathematiker)" title="Heinrich Burkhardt (Mathematiker)">Heinrich Burkhardt</a>: <i>Elliptische Funktionen.</i> 3. Auflage. Vereinigung Wissenschaftlicher Verleger, Berlin [u. a.] 1920 (Funktionentheoretische Vorlesungen, Band 2).</li>
<li><a href="Heinrich_Dur%C3%A8ge" title="Heinrich Durège">Heinrich Durège</a>, <a href="Ludwig_Maurer_(Mathematiker)" title="Ludwig Maurer (Mathematiker)">Ludwig Maurer</a>: <i>Theorie der Elliptischen Funktionen.</i> 5. Auflage. Teubner, Leipzig 1908.</li>
<li><a href="Eberhard_Freitag" title="Eberhard Freitag">Eberhard Freitag</a>, Rolf Busam: <i>Funktionentheorie 1.</i> 4. Auflage. Springer, Berlin [u. a.] 2006, ISBN 3-540-31764-3.</li>
<li><a href="Robert_Fricke_(Mathematiker)" title="Robert Fricke (Mathematiker)">Robert Fricke</a>: <i>Die elliptischen Funktionen und ihre Anwendungen.</i> 3 Bände. (Band 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elliptischenfun02ricrich#page/n7/mode/2up">Band 2</a>, Band 3 (2011) posthum veröffentlicht). Teubner, Berlin/Leipzig 1916–1922, 2. Auflage 1930. ND Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg [u. a.] 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-19556-3, ISBN 978-3-642-19560-0, ISBN 978-3-642-20953-6.</li>
<li><a href="Jeremy_Gray" title="Jeremy Gray">Jeremy Gray</a>: <i>The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century.</i> Springer, Cham [u. a.] 2015.</li>
<li><a href="Christian_Houzel" title="Christian Houzel">Christian Houzel</a>: <i>Elliptische Funktionen und Abelsche Integrale.</i> In: Jean Dieudonné (Hrsg.): <i>Geschichte der Mathematik.</i> Kapitel 7, Vieweg, 1985, S. 422–540.</li>
<li><a href="Adolf_Hurwitz" title="Adolf Hurwitz">Adolf Hurwitz</a>, <a href="Richard_Courant" title="Richard Courant">Richard Courant</a>: <i>Vorlesungen über allgemeine Funktionentheorie und elliptische Funktionen.</i> 4. Auflage. Springer, Berlin [u. a.] 1964. (Die <a href="Grundlehren_der_mathematischen_Wissenschaften" title="Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften">Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften</a> in Einzeldarstellungen, Bd. 3). 5. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg [u. a.] 2000.</li>
<li><a href="Felix_Klein_(Mathematiker)" title="Felix Klein (Mathematiker)">Felix Klein</a>: <i>Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert.</i> Band 1, Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin 1926.</li>
<li><a href="Max_Koecher" title="Max Koecher">Max Koecher</a>, <a href="Aloys_Krieg" title="Aloys Krieg">Aloys Krieg</a>: <i>Elliptische Funktionen und Modulformen.</i> 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin [u. a.] 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-49324-2.</li>
<li><a href="Francesco_Giacomo_Tricomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Giacomo Tricomi">Francesco Giacomo Tricomi</a>, <a href="Maximilian_Krafft" title="Maximilian Krafft">Maximilian Krafft</a>: <i>Elliptische Funktionen.</i> Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1948 (Mathematik und ihre Anwendungen in Physik und Technik, Reihe A, Band 20).</li>
<li>Robert Fricke: <i>Die elliptischen Funktionen und ihre Anwendungen: Dritter Teil</i>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-20953-6, ISBN 978-3-642-20954-3 (E-Book).</li>
<li>Folkmar Bornemann, Dirk Laurie, Stan Wagon und Jörg Waldvogel: <i>Vom Lösen numerischer Probleme</i>, Seite 275</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elliptic_functions?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Elliptische Funktion</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>259</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=259&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>258</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=258&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>118<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=118+f&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>260</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=260&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>262</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=262&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Chandrasekharan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elliptic functions</cite>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1985, ISBN 0-387-15295-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=K.+Chandrasekharan&rft.btitle=Elliptic+functions&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0387152954&rft.pages=28&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>275</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=275&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Busam: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionentheorie 1</cite>. 4., korr. und erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32058-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>276</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Rolf+Busam&rft.btitle=Funktionentheorie+1&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4.%2C+korr.+und+erw.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540320586&rft.pages=276&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=74&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>75</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=75&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=82&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>81</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=81&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiThetaFunctions.html"><i>Jacobi Theta Functions</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch). </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wayback.cecm.sfu.ca/~pborwein/TEMP_PROTECTED/pi-agm.pdf">http://wayback.cecm.sfu.ca/~pborwein/TEMP_PROTECTED/pi-agm.pdf</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlmf.nist.gov/20.5"><i>DLMF: 20.5 Infinite Products and Related Results.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 13. August 2022</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AElliptische+Funktion&rft.title=DLMF%3A+20.5+Infinite+Products+and+Related+Results&rft.description=DLMF%3A+20.5+Infinite+Products+and+Related+Results&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdlmf.nist.gov%2F20.5"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=23+f&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Landen: <i>An Investigation of a general Theorem for finding the Length of any Arc of any Conic Hyperbola, by Means of Two Elliptic Arcs, with some other new and useful Theorems deduced therefrom.</i> In: <i>The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> 65 (1775), Nr. XXVI, S. 283–289, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/106197">106197</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien-Marie Legendre: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=rIYlBNp4oiIC&pg=616&hl=fr"><i>Mémoire sur les intégrations par arcs d’ellipse.</i></a> In: <i>Histoire de l’Académie royale des sciences Paris</i> (1788), S. 616–643. – Ders.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=rIYlBNp4oiIC&pg=644&hl=fr"><i>Second mémoire sur les intégrations par arcs d’ellipse, et sur la comparaison de ces arcs.</i></a> In: <i>Histoire de l’Académie royale des sciences Paris</i> (1788), S. 644–683.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien-Marie Legendre: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=tR3pvoE3HcMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr"><i>Mémoire sur les transcendantes elliptiques</i>,</a> <i>où l’on donne des méthodes faciles pour comparer et évaluer ces trancendantes, qui comprennent les arcs d’ellipse, et qui se rencontrent frèquemment dans les applications du calcul intégral.</i> Du Pont & Firmin-Didot, Paris 1792. Englische Übersetzung <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vNULAAAAYAAJ&pg=347&hl=fr"><i>A Memoire on Elliptic Transcendentals.</i></a> In: Thomas Leybourn: <i>New Series of the Mathematical Repository</i>. Band 2. Glendinning, London 1809, Teil 3, S. 1–34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien-Marie Legendre: <i>Exercices de calcul integral sur divers ordres de transcendantes et sur les quadratures.</i> 3 Bände. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=riIOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr">Band 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=6yIOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr">Band 2</a>, Band 3). Paris 1811–1817.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien-Marie Legendre: <i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques et des intégrales eulériennes, avec des tables pour en faciliter le calcul numérique.</i> 3 Bände (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=0iAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3">Band 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=UZIKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr">Band 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=2ZIKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr">Band 3/1</a>, Band 3/2, Band 3/3). Huzard-Courcier, Paris 1825–1832.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=wLKbL6-GwhUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de"><i>Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum.</i></a> Königsberg 1829.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>122</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=122&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Gray: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Real and the Complex: A History of Analysis in the 19th Century</cite>. Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-23715-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elliptische+Funktion&rft.au=Jeremy+Gray&rft.btitle=The+Real+and+the+Complex%3A+A+History+of+Analysis+in+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319237152&rft.pages=96&rft.place=Cham" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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